The energy that the Earth receives from the Sun is the basic cause of our changing weather, ie CLIMATE CHANGE.
Solar heat warms
the huge air masses that comprise
large and small weather systems. The
day-night and summer-winter cycles
in the weather have obvious causes
and effects. There are other ways in which the Sun affects
weather and climate. Solar activity such as sunspots, flares, coronal holes, or
other forms of solar activity affect or day to day weather and are now beginning to be able to be predicted.
The effects of currently observed
changes in the Sun - small variations
in light output, the occurrence of solar
particle streams and magnetic fields
are very small in the Earth's lower
atmosphere or troposphere where our
weather actually occurs. However, at
higher altitudes, the atmosphere reacts
strongly to changes in solar activity.
The ozone layer, at an altitude of 25
kilometers (16 miles), and the ionosphere,
which extends upwards in a
series of layers above 60 kilometers
(37 miles), are produced by solar
ultraviolet light and X-rays which
ionize the thin air at these altitudes.
Although the visible light of the Sun
is stable, large variations in X-ray
and ultraviolet radiation accompany
solar activity, and these variations on
the Sun cause major changes in the
ionosphere.
Meteorologists have observed that the ionospheric changes in
turn influence the weather in the
lower atmosphere. The physical
mechanism by which this occurs
is being studied and identified through space weather research.
Research is under way about relationships between solar
activity and the weather.
A study of short-term weather
patterns by Walter Orr Roberts of the
University Corporation for Atmospheric
Research and Roger H. Olson
of NOAA suggests that weather may
be affected as the spiral-shaped interplanetary
magnetic field rotates past
the Earth.
They found that about a
day after the boundary between inward-pointing
and outward-pointing
sectors sweeps by, there is a decrease
in the number of low pressure weather
systems forming in the Pacific Ocean
off the western United States and
Canada. Because these low pressure
systems give rise to most of the storm
centers that pass over North America
an understanding of this effect may
ultimately assist in making weather
predictions.
Like other Sun-weather
connections, the effect seen by
Roberts and Olson is being identified using the latest technology.
The Roberts-Olson effect must have an amplifier
mechanism, whereby the magnetic
variations trigger the changes in the
weather. The nature of the amplifier
mechanism, solar weather, is currently being identified using the latest satellites about how space weather affects the climate changes on the earth.
The search for Sun-weather relations
is further complicated by the
presence of many non-solar influences
on both short- and long-term weather
patterns. Volcanic eruptions can inject
huge amounts of dust and ash
into the atmosphere, cutting off some
of the Sun's light and heat. Changes
in the amount of volcanic particles in
the atmosphere, as a result of volcanic
eruptions, have an affect on the amount of heat absorbed
by the atmosphere. Variations
in the Earth's orbital motion
around the Sun from year to year also
cause some changes in the
weather. In looking for direct effects
of solar activity on the weather other solar
effects are considered.
Climate is the state of the weather
over long periods of time, tens to thousands
of years. Long-term effects of
the Sun on the Earth's weather are
called climate effects.
If the total output of radiant heat
and light from the Sun (the solar
constant) has been observed over a period time, along with X-rays, ultraviolet and
other effects of solar activity.
These variations affect the lower
atmosphere and
change the Earth's weather and
climate. This is CLIMATE CHANGE! Because of absorption
and scattering of sunlight in
the Earth's atmosphere, these measurements
are less reliable if made from
the ground. Techniques have
been developed to measure the solar
constant from high tech space vehicles. There
are now several instruments in orbit
that are measuring the Sun's output
with an accuracy that should is sufficient
to detect variations capable of
changing the climate.
The spacecraft measurements of
the solar constant that we are accumulating
now enable us to determine
the day-to-day and month-to-month
changes in solar output. It
will eventually be possible to
detail the Sun variations, not only
during its 11-year sunspot cycle, but
even over longer periods as
well.
Observations with spacecraft are
motivated in part by evidence
that long-term variations in the
Sun's light have actually occurred.
Observational records show an almost complete absence of sunspots between the years 1650 and 1715. During this period, named the Maunder Minimum for the English astronomer who first pointed it out, the sunspot cycle apparently ceased to exist.
Historical sources attest to the fact that the weather in Europe was particularly cold during these years, a fact which would follow logically if the light from the Sun decreased significantly during years when the sunspot count was low.
Goes 14 monitors the Sun’s hot outer atmosphere. X-ray photons are created in the million-degree plasma of the solar corona and are not visible from the ground, due to the absorption of the Earth’s atmosphere. Observations of solar X-rays aids in the early detection of solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and other phenomena that impact earth weather. Current Space Weather Conditions 24 HR Period.
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